Style Of J. D. Salinger Essays - J. D. Salinger,

Style of J. D. Salinger Numerous pundits consider J.D. Salinger a questionable author, for the topics that he composes.. J.D. Salinger's works were by and large composed during double cross periods. The first timeframe was during World War II, and the second timespan was during the 1960's. Pundits feel that the works during the 1960 timeframe were very unseemly, in view of the issues for which he composed. The principle characters were for the most part mavericks of society. In the vast majority of his works, he has the hero of the story go on a mission for satisfaction. Salinger doesn't fit in with the material satisfaction; the characters experience a profound satisfaction. The characters for the most part begin as in awful conditions, through the finish of his works they experienced changes that improve them. Crafted by J.D. Salinger show the journey for joy through religion, depression, and imagery. Salinger's works frequently use religion so as to depict comfort. In Salinger's Nine Stories Franny Glass continues recounting the Jesus Prayer to adapt to the self destruction of her sibling Seymour (Bloom in Bryfonski and Senick 69). Salinger can utilize this petition as a methods for comfort for Franny. The petition ezds for the last trust in Franny in this circumstance. Franny would be lost if their was no petition. (Bryfonski and Senick 71). Salinger gives us comfort in Catcher in the Rye. Holden Caufield, the hero, is especially in despair for losing his sweetheart, so Caufield peruses a section in the Bible. This makes a difference Holden change his point of view (Salzberg 75). Holden was in solitude now and had nobody to betray, until he found the Bible (Salzberg 76). In the two stories the characters had ended up in terrible circumstances. The characters in these works have deterrents which they should defeat so as to accomplish joy (Salzman 34). Bliss is the very subezce which these characters are taking a stab at in Salinger's works. Salinger utilizes religion in his works to comfort them with the goal that they can continue on their journey to accomplish bliss. Salinger utilizes religion as a methods for freedom. Salinger utilizes a significant part of the Zen reasoning, as on account of Nine Stories, to accomplish this freedom (Madsen 93). In Nine Stories one of the characters, Seymour Glass, is depicted as Buddha as in he needs to be freed as Buddha was a major part of his life (Madsen 93). Seymour Glass in Nine Stories has a specific way of thinking about existence, it is like the Eightfold Path utilized by Buddha while accomplishing nirvana (French in Matuz 212). Seymour Glass is on a journey to turn out to be free from the entirety of the enduring in his life as Buddha was from his life (French in Matuz 213). Seymour follows the Eightfold way to turn into freed from anguish (Madsen 96). Seymour accomplishes nirvana by carrying on with a decent life and end whatever causes languishing. Seymour is ready to accomplish nirvana by ending it all (Lundquist in Matuz 211). Salinger gives us that when Seymour ended it all he let go of the entirety of the enduring that he experienced, accordingly achieving the bliss he yearned for (French, Salinger Revisited 132). Salinger appears freedom as a conclusion to all misery, in this manner making bliss for the character. (French, Salinger Revisited 133). The last capacity of religion as a way to accomplish joy was to pick up harmony In The Youthful Lion, Salinger utilizes religion to pick up harmony through a imaginary war. In the story a significant number of the warriors were kicking the bucket and the nations were in unrest (Lundquist 312). The pioneers in the story see a dream on the front line that transforms them, and stops the war (Lundquist 315). Salinger shows how religion can be a power used to make joy in a story, by making harmony (Lundquist 313). Salinger can utilize religion as a methods for achieving satisfaction through harmony. The story appeared to be exceptionally inauspicious, until religion mediated and halted the contention. Salinger makes joy for the characters by halting the contention. In The Stranger Salinger makes harmony through a war by utilizing a greater amount of the Zen theory. Salinger's makes a Settlement of Peace which stops the contention between

How to Land an Executive Position With Expert Wendy Enelow

The most effective method to Land an Executive Position With Expert Wendy Enelow Wendy Enelow is a specialist on finding, and keeping, an occupation. Regardless of whether shes telling us the best way to get the ideal resume at Resume Writing Academy or driving masterminds on the front line of selecting and recruiting at Career Thought Leaders, you wont discover anybody whos progressively centered around vocations. Wendy conversed with us about finding an official job in the cutting edge day.When somebody is hoping to step into an official job, whats the principal thing they ought to do?Determine whether they have the essential aptitudes, capabilities and accreditations for the positions they are focusing on. If not, they ought to decide the best spot to get those aptitudes either through work or an instructive program. No compelling reason to apply if youre not yet qualified. Similarly significant is finding an official coach or support who can work with you to elevate your nomination to the organization as well as position that youre targeting.How does finding an official job vary from finding another job?Savvy administrators who are looking for new open doors ought to take part in elevated level pursuit of employment exercises, including internet organizing, face to face organizing, blogging, target organization outreach, enrollment specialist exceed and regular postal mail/email. They may likewise react to explicit online employment postings, in spite of the fact that that ought not be the core of their hunt crusade, as its the least viable approach to locate another position. Most other occupation searchers ought to take part in the same number of these exercises as are applicable to their vocation destinations. Maybe the most critical contrast is that official quests for new employment for the most part take longer since there are less positions accessible, the opposition can be wild and the employing procedure itself takes a lot of time.If a business needs to fill an official position, where should they start looking?Some bosses will connect with official scouts to deal with the undertaking of enlisting new administration and initiative. Despite the fact that the sticker price is high, scouts will discover the up-and-comers of decision and present them to the organization. Elective techniques, which can be similarly as compelling and significantly less exorbitant, incorporate utilizing LinkedIn to recognize and associate with qualified applicants, looking through gatherings important to the companys business or calling to discover bunch individuals with the capabilities the employing organization is looking for, making a Facebook page and Twitter record to draw in quality contender to the organization, and systems administration with organization work force, providers, colleagues and other people who know the individuals that they may need to hire.How significant is the resume to finding an official position, and why?The continue is any experts distinguishing mark, giving enough significant data and sharing the correct accomplishments and examples of overcoming adversity to allure the recruiting organization to welcome the possibility for a meeting. Similarly as significant in todays universe of online pursuit of employment is the LinkedIn profile. Truth be told, LinkedIn can be increasingly significant when an organization is doing their underlying sourcing; at that point, the resume becomes possibly the most important factor after the applicant has been recognized on LinkedIn, which is the essential web based life stage for executives.What do you wish everybody thought about composing a resume?The most significant thing to think about resume composing is that youre writing to the futureto the position and industry that youre focusing on. Resumes are NOT self-portraying articles of everything youve done all through your whole vocation. Or maybe, theyre profession advertising interchanges intended to sell your unmistakable capabilities, encounters, accomplishments, instructive accreditati ons and that's just the beginning. Resumes are the starters; applicants are the principle course (when they get an interview)!What inclines in official recruiting should we watch for in the future?Perhaps the best pattern will be in the explicitness of mastery. Organizations need to enlist administrators with quite certain mastery in their industry, item or innovation officials who can take care of issues and defeat difficulties, officials who can enhance openings and convey results by utilizing what theyve effectively practiced and who they know. What's more, organizations need for all intents and purposes prompt outcomes. They dont need the arrangement that will turnaround the business in two years; they need the turnaround now.

The Zone of Proximal Development and Scaffolding

The Zone of Proximal Development and Scaffolding Can you imagine living your life all on your own, without ever communicating with other human beings? What would happen to you?Aside from the fact that you would literally be depressed due to the lack of company, all other aspects of your personality would be limited.You would not need to develop language, as there is no one to talk to, you would not have the option to develop your interpersonal skills, and even survival skills would not progress.This last one might seem like a stretch but it actually isnt.How come? Well, each person is born with a certain set of skills that are genetically and developmentally conditioned. This is true for intelligence and a certain set of other abilities.So why do we say that survival skills could be limited (think of the consequences)?If you were born with the ability to catch fish and for some reason, the rivers, and lakes close by were dried up rendering your ability mute, how much time would it take you to rewire your brain, and learn to hunt if there wasnt anybody to show you?And what would happen if there was someone around you who was born with the ability to hunt?Watching and communicating with that person would speed up the learning process and you would not be hungry for a long time.This is why it is said that people are social animals. We need the company of others not only for comfort and support but for learning as well.Throughout history, many thinkers and philosophers dabbled into the notion of social development and how it affects the formation of a person from an early age and throughout the whole life.There have been several theories, most of them are still recognized and used nowadays, regarding learning and education.We learn something new every day our entire lives, so these theories are important and can have significant implications in adults as well, not just the children.Observing children, however, is what led to the formation of a theory known as Zone of Proximal Development, suggested by Lev Vygotsk y, a Russian psychologist.We do not learn because we develop. We develop because we learn. â€" Vygotsky  THE SOCIO-CULTURAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENTVygotskys theory builds up on the importance of social interactions mostly regarding the role that it has in the development of cognition.His main foci were children and the interactions with those around them in the development of their cognition and higher order learning.This theory relies on the notions introduced by Jean Piaget, with some differences.Namely, Piaget states that learning is best done independently and introduces steps on how each child acquires new knowledge.The main point of difference between Vygotskys Socio-cultural Theory of Development and Piagets theory is that interaction between the learner and the people around him/her.Why is social interaction important? Many studies show that children that had help in performing certain tasks in early childhood mastered those tasks better and faster than the children who learne d those same tasks on their own.Imagine learning how to walk or speak.A child will learn how to speak even if it is not directly spoken to.For example, it will pick up words by listening to adults speak, or by watching cartoons and listening to music.The main sense included, in this example, will be listening.   A child will also learn to walk on its own by holding onto the sides of a bed.However, if a parent (or another more knowledgeable individual) actively encourages a baby to speak, by focusing the baby on the sound and lip movement, more of the senses (sight, in this case) would be included, and the baby will retain information faster.It will try to repeat not just the sound but the lip movements as well, and will more quickly deduce what it needs to do to form a certain word.In the example of walking, if a parent helps a baby to stand up, and make the first step, walk alongside it while holding its hand, and later just being present around, the baby will sooner feel free to l et go and walk.Vygotsky states that babies are born with certain mental functions. He called them elementary mental functions-attention, sensation, perception, memory.Eventually, through interaction with their socio-cultural environment, these elementary mental functions are developed into more sophisticated and effective mental processes or strategies, and this is what we call higher mental functions-language, memory, voluntary attention, and perception.The higher mental functions are characterized by independent learning and thinking and can only be cultivated by elementary mental functions which we modify with the help of a tutor.According to Vygotsky, this type of social interaction involves cooperative and collaborative dialogue and that s what promotes the cognitive ability or development.This leads us to another important notion of Vygotskys theory, and that is language.He says that language is the main means by which adults transmit information to children, and it is also a very powerful tool of intellectual adaptation.He looked at the private speech, also called internal speech or egocentric speech. It is when people talk out loud to themselves. With what type of population is this most likely to happen?Do adults speak out loud to themselves a lot or do children? Well, it is actually children. Most children engage in private speech. Vygotsky sees this as a way for children to plan activities and strategies, and this aids in their development.He defines language as an accelerator for thinking and understanding.Children who engage in private speech are much more socially competent than children who do not use it that much. He believed that language develops from social interactions for communication purposes.Adults unconsciously do that too, though not as often as children, especially when the task at hand is on the difficult side.Adults vocalize their thoughts when solving difficult problems in order to engage other senses and other aspects of cognitio n for quicker and more effective problem solvingLater language ability becomes internalized as thought, which means that, as we grow older the private speech becomes inner speech, and t turns out that thought is a result of language.That ability to think for ourselves and develop that independence of executing skills comes from this importance of language, according to Vygotsky.In addition to the importance of social interaction, Vygotsky introduces two more key concepts More Knowledgable Other (or MKO), and Zone of Proximal Development (or ZPD).There is also a concept of Scaffolding that is linked to this theory; however, Vygotsky himself never used the term.He died very young (at the age of 38) and his theory was later further developed by other psychologists. The term Scaffolding was introduced by Wood, Bruner, and Ross.Those three concepts go hand in hand and are crucial for understanding the learning processes with young learners, as well as adults, in school and outside of it .MORE KNOWLEDGEABLE OTHERAn MKO is a person a child interacts with in order to learn.That person has a higher level of knowledge, understanding or ability with respect to the task that is at hand.Children learn from MKOs by repeating the actions they model, or following instructions.Who is an MKO? At the early development stages, and MKOs are obviously parents, later, they are teachers. An MKO does not necessarily have to be an adult.In regards to children, an MKO can be a more skilled peer (some psychologist even argue that learning with a peer is even more productive, as the action excludes fear form authority, and the child uses a language that is closer, and more understandable to the student) or even an older sibling.It is widely known that a younger child looks up to and imitates his/her older sibling, and this action makes the older sibling an MKO.In the following example, it is clear that an MKO is the boys classmate who is more knowledgeable at a task he is given. With the advancement of technology, an MKO can be a computer as well, as we can look for information there. Consider these examples of relations between a teacher and a learner.A boy wants to learn how to play chess. His grandfather takes up the responsibility of showing him and explaining the rules. In this situation, the Grandfather is an MKO.However, if that same grandfather gets a new Smartphone and he is not into technology, that same boy will show him how to use the phone. In this interaction, the boy would be an MKO.The interaction between the learner and an MKO results in learning, which leads to the formation of the higher mental functions.THE ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENTThe Zone of Proximal Development is a concept that came as a result of Vygotskys dissatisfaction with standardized tests.He thought that standardized tests were not capable of measuring the childrens ability to learn as they only rely on the childs existing knowledge disregarding the potential to learn further.He de fined the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) asThe distance between the actual development level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers. Vygotsky, 1978 Let us explain this concept more closely.Imagine the learning process in the form of three concentric circles. The inner circle is what a child or a student already knows how to do.The skills are already mastered, and the tasks are too easy, predictable, and tedious even. As a result, learning does not happen.For example, a child has already learned how to add numbers. Giving the child more tasks of this difficulty level leads to stagnation and boredom.The outer circle represents what a student cant do independently. The task at hand is way too difficult for the student to grasp it, solve it and understand it.Imagine giving a child that has just learned to add numbers an equation that in cludes all four mathematical operations.This kind of a task that is way too hard for the student leads to stress and frustration, the student becomes discouraged which can lead to the student giving up.This does not generate learning. The active learning happens in that inner circle that Vygotsky defined as Zone of Proximal Development.The difficulty level of tasks in this zone is just beyond the reach of students current knowledge, they may seem challenging and difficult but they are accessible, so the student can complete the tasks with the help of an MKO.This is the part where the most sensitive information and guidance should be given. We can say that the Zone of Proximal Development is a sweet spot for learning.This is where learning happens- in this area of being able to do something and not being able to do it.Let us go back to our student who has already learned addition. Imagine that a teacher wants to teach multiplication.The teacher may build up the knowledge by explainin g that 25 is actually 5+5, and guide the student to the conclusion by grouping ten pencils into two groups of five, and encouraging the student to count.After the student gets the help that he needs he should be able to do that task independently.The ZPD is not the same for each child/student at the same level of current knowledge.Also, the ZPD is not a static factor, as the child learns and progresses in acquiring a certain skill, the ZPD moves forward, opening space for further learning.Pay attention that we use the words guidance, help and encouragement, rather than just full assistance.Why is that? If an MKO simply does the task for the child, the learning process gets stunted, and the student can simply copy the teachers moves and instructions without actually learning a new skill, which is why Piaget argued that the knowledge we acquire through independent action and exploration is better retained than if we are taught something.However, assisting, rather than, completely taki ng over in the process of learning, enables a child or a student to spend less energy on finding the solution to the problem, but he still gets there on his own, just with a little nudge from an MKO.This leads us to the third concept.SCAFFOLDINGAs we already mentioned, scaffolding is a concept that was adjoined to Vygotskys theory much later, but it complements it and explains how the learning processes happen in the ZPD.The child learns in the Zone of Proximal Development with the help of a More Knowledgeable Other through Scaffolding.So, scaffolding is a tool for helping students learn, it is the support that an MKO provides the student within the ZPD to help them achieve their aims.It is defined as structurally supportive interactions that guide effective learning (through hinting and giving more options, rather than telling the solution).Scaffolding consists of a number of different principles. Firstly, building interest and engaging students’ attention by either making the ta sks interesting or eliminating outside distractions.Secondly, breaking the task down into smaller chunks that are more easily understood, and later using those smaller tasks as stepping stones to progression to the main task at hand.The student can safely progress to the next stepping stone when, and only when he has learned what was needed of him on that particular segment. (A baby learns to stand, then walk, then run and only later does it learn to dance the cha-cha. A baby cannot skip running and go straight to cha-cha.)You can also simplify the problem by using more appropriate language or giving instructions in a way more suitable to the child in question.You can also model the behavior, and do a task yourself but it is important that you closely watch the student in order to be sure that he has understood and is able to follow all the steps.What is left next is to gradually relinquish the control, and reduce the amount of help needed for the student to complete the task.Or, me taphorically, remove the scaffolding need for the construction.The aim of ZPD and Scaffolding is to teach students to think for themselves and solve problems individually. Imagine this entire process through an example of learning to swim. If a girl wants to learn how to swim, she will probably not be able to do it alone.Why? Because this is out of her current knowledge and is it too far that she will be frustrated while learning it? No. So, it is just out of her reach, in the ZPD, so she needs help from an MKO to learn how to swim.In the beginning, an MKO might opt to use tools like swimming floats, that would be a first stepping stone.As the child feels more comfortable, an MKO will remove the floats and hold the child while he tries to follow instructions on how to move his arms and legs.When the child has learned that, an MKO will choose to gradually let go of the child so he can swim independently, which, essentially, is the aim of the process.IMPLEMENTATION IN THE CLASSROOMHow can we use this theory and those key concepts?Hopefully, it is clear on how to use them on a one-on-one basis, however, what should you do in a classroom, or if you are a tutor of a group of adults?First of all, you should make sure that you pre-assess the knowledge of your students. This will give you a starting line on what your students already know and avoid those tasks in order to avoid boredom. This will also determine the ZPD of each individual studentWe already mentioned that the ZPD varies from student to student regardless of the fact that their existing knowledge is the same.This is why teachers should differentiate lesson plans and individualize them to fit all the students.A teacher, as an MKO, should be able to determine students capabilities and abilities, different learning styles and their aptitude for learning in order to make the best of their ZPD.In order to use this theory as much as possible, and employ more MKOs for different approaches, a teacher should, occ asionally at least, make heterogeneous groups of students.What does that mean?Learning in smaller groups can be beneficial for learners, however, if their abilities are on the exact same level, they will not learn.This is why each group should have a more knowledgeable peer to model the actions of other students, and a teacher should be present as well, to control and encourage all of them.TIPS FOR USING ZPD IN THE CLASSROOMDoUse identifiable language using the language appropriate to the childs/students level facilitates the understanding of a task and accelerates the progress.Use open-ended questions open-ended questions ask the student to think on its own and do not allow the repetition of what somebody else has previously said.DontDo not use complex language using language that is beyond the students ability to understand can cause issues even when a task itself can be done without any problems, just because the student did not understand the instructions. Simplify instead.Do not assume that students already know instead, ask them a question and if you see that they are already familiar with it, fast forward to the ZPD. Otherwise, you may find yourself in the outer ring of knowledge causing frustration.Do not give answers too quickly the aim of ZPD is to help students reach the answers themselves, not give them a ready-made answer. FINAL WORDVygotskys Socio-cultural Theory of Development is mostly applicable to early childhood development as well as in the education of both children and adults.As opposed to children, adults have already developed cognitive thinking, so this concept of the theory may not relate to them, however, the ZPD and Scaffolding, and MKO concepts are something that we are exposed to, more or less, every day since peoples nature is to thrive and learn through social interactions.

Sample Informative Outline On International Adoption

Example Informative Preparation Outline Template I. INTRODUCTION A. Gain the audience’s attention: Did you know statistics show that over 20,000 children are adopted into the United States annually. B. Thesis: (In one sentence, state exactly what the speech is about.) In today’s society more people have chosen to adopt from foreign countries. C. Preview of Main Points: (How many main points will you have and what exactly are they?) Today I am going to inform you about†¦. 1.The History of international adoption. 2.The process of international adoption. 3.Post adoption supervision. Now, let me elaborate on that first point I referred to in the introduction, the history of international adoption. II. BODY (NOTE: You may have fewer main points or sub-main points.) A. Main Point 1: Adoption from foreign countries, also known as international adoption started shortly after World War II. 1. Sub-Point 1: According to Kathleen Brumble and Charlene Kampfe, authors of the 2011 article â€Å"The History of adoption in the United States: A focus on the unique group of intercountry transracial special needs children† states that during the World War II era and all the devastations it brought made the American soldiers realize how many children were being left orphaned from the war. This soon started the adoption of European children. a. Supporting Material: In today’s society the number of international adoptions have continued to increase in the United States. This isShow MoreRelatedReview of Study: McSweeneys Hofstedes Model of National Cultural Differences and Their Consequences: A Triumph of Faith, A Failure of Analyses1463 Words   |  6 Pagesthat every nation holds its distinctive, describable and influential culture. According to McSweeney (2002), culture shapes every aspect of nature. The author discusses the foundation through which influential national culture exists. 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The Effect of Sleep on Face Recognition Memory - 561 Words

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A Thousand Splendid Suns Analysis Free Essays

Create questions you would ask the author and at least one of the people in the book. Include why you would ask each particular question, and connect the question to a specific event (quote with page #) in the book. If I were to ask questions to the author and characters, they would be about their experiences. We will write a custom essay sample on A Thousand Splendid Suns: Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now The one question I would ask Khaled Hosseini is, All the characters in this book were granted poetic justice, but why not Mariam? Mariam did nothing monstrous to deserve execution; her act of killing Rasheed was done in self-defense and the defense of Laila. Nonetheless, she suffered the shame and punishment from the government under which she lived in. â€Å"Like a compass needle that points north, a man’s accusing finger always finds a woman. Always. You remember that, Mariam. †pg. 364 Even though Mariam’s execution was injustice in my eyes I believe that for Mariam her death sentence was an legitimate end to her life which had legitimate beginnings. Before her death sentence, she recites lines from the Koran asking for mercy and forgiveness which portrays her humbleness and her dedication to loved ones in her life. I would like to ask Mariam why she refused to call witnesses at her trial. Why did she not try to escape with Tariq and Laila? Calling witnesses to her trial could have proved to be beneficial to Mariam; she might not have been sentenced to death but she didn’t even try. â€Å"Remembering the last time she’d signed her name to a document, twenty- seven years before, at Jalil’s table, beneath the watchful gaze of another mullah. pg. 364 There was still a little hope left her, her dreams were to see Laila and Tariq happy and to watch Aziza and Zalmai grow but just like that she gave it all up. Her life had not ended but she still acted as if there was nothing that could be done; she herself gave up her hopes which contrasted her character at the beginning of the book. Lastly, I would like to ask Kh aled why was Laila not given a chance to attend university and complete her secondary education? It is obvious in the early stages of the book that her dream is be educated and educate others so that she can play a women’s worthy role in their society. Her young self is contradicting to what her character becomes. I wonder why after building her family and living in peace she didn’t have the desire to attend university. She had a good opportunity and I feel it would have benefited her and her family a lot. One question I would ask Laila is why she wanted to move back to Kabul? Wasn’t she done with all the suffering and painful memories she endured there? â€Å"†¦Where do we go from here, Tariq? How long do we stay here? This isn’t home. Kabul is†¦Ã¢â‚¬ pg. 390 I realize it was her homeland, she grew up there and the Kabul they left during the war was now half restored; though why would she risk the lives of her family members and their freedom they obtained in Murree. â€Å"It’s a good life, Laila tells herself, a life to be thankful for. It is, in fact, precisely the sort of life she used to dream for herself in her darkest days with Rasheed. † How to cite A Thousand Splendid Suns: Analysis, Papers

Neuro Linguistic Programming Essay Example

Neuro Linguistic Programming Essay History of Neuro Linguistic Programming Abstract This paper covers the history and development of Neuro Linguistic Programming in the field of psychology covering its techniques and its growth from behavioral modeling and the influences of Gestalt psychologists Fritz Perls; Virginia Satir, and Milton Erikson. Richard Bandler and John Grinder are considered the fathers of Neuro Linguistic Programming and this paper covers the skills they developed and their discovery of the ways to identify the representational systems someone uses even when that person is not talking, by recognizing eye movements that reveal that the person is making pictures, hearing sounds, or sensing feelings. NLP can be used in psychotherapy but also in many other fields such as management, sales, marketing, public relations, education, therapy, the military and police, sport, and personal development. History of Neuro Linguistic Programming Neuro-linguistic Programming (NLP) was first developed in the U. S. in the early 1970s from studying the thinking and behavioral skills used by particularly effective and successful people. It is the way of organizing and understanding the structure of subjective experience (Bandler Grinder 1975). Developed by a mathematician; Richard Bandler and a linguist John Grinder, NLP has been clinically demonstrated as a useful technology for generating change. We will write a custom essay sample on Neuro Linguistic Programming specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Neuro Linguistic Programming specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Neuro Linguistic Programming specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Together they studied the three most successful therapists at the time to uncover the structure behind their work. The three where the founder of Gestalt therapy, Fritz Perls; Virginia Satir, Mother of Family therapy and Milton Erikson, the pre-eminent hypnotherapist of the modern era (Tan REV) NLP grew out of the behavioural modelling activity of Grinder and Bandler in studying Virginia Satir, Fritz Perls, and Milton H Erickson. Richard Bandler (1949- ) enrolled as a psychology student in the University of California, Santa Cruz in 1970. John Grinder, (1940- ) was an associate rofessor of linguistics. Bandler joined the group of Grinder-followers and they became friends. Soon they were using Grinders linguistics to pursue Bandlers interest in the work and the success-rate of Virginia Satir (mother of Family Therapy) and Fritz Perls (founder of Gestalt Therapy). They analysed writings and tape-recordings to discover what accounted for the successful results achieved by Satir and Perl s. Later, through a friend of Bandlers, they got to know and became admirers of Gregory Bateson who, in turn, introduced them to the work of Milton Erickson. Using their studies Bandler and Grinder where able to develop skills to of modeling that allowed them to identify the structural elements of another individual’s behavior and teach that behavior to a third person (Dilts, Grinder, Bandler, Cameron Bandler Delozier 1980). Bandler and Grinder noticed that the words people use to express themselves are a literal description of their mental experiences and at the basic level of understanding, people input, process internally, and output information using one or more of the five sensory channels; visual, auditory, kinesthetic, smell and taste. The first three are the most important in day to day information processing (Andreas Andreas 1982). As they began to come up with ideas, insights, and techniques they tried them out on friends (including Robert Dilts, Judith DeLozier, Leslie Cameron Bandler, and David Gordon) who soon joined them in developing and extending the work. The enthusiastic and highly creative group grew and this was how Neuro Linguistic Programming was developed. NLP has acquired a reputation for enabling people to become mind readers; this is partly because of the work of Grinder and Bandler. They discovered that there are ways to identify the representational systems someone uses even when that person is not talking, by recognizing eye movements that reveal that the person is making pictures, hearing sounds, or sensing feelings. And out of this search came many of the methods that are still part of good Practitioner and Master Practitioner Trainings such as anchoring, sensory acuity and calibration, reframing, representational systems, and the two Language Models as well as many of the personal change techniques such as the New Behavioural Generator and Change Personal History. Using eye movements as a method of determining the preferred representational system Falzett (1981) found that a male and female interviewer where rated as more trustworthy by subjects when predicated systems where matched by the interviewer than when the interviewer used mismatching predicates in responding to a subjects verbalizations. The NLP model states that because of a specific neural wiring, humans move their eyes in predictable patterns when they are accessing representational strategies. Breathing rate can also be used, high in the chest with short choppy breaths is a visual access, low in the stomach with deep breaths in kinesthetic access and even breathing in the middle of the chest indicates auditory access. Other behavioral aspects are the positioning of the shoulders, posture shifts, skin color changes, heart rate and also body temperature changes. (Schaefer, Beausay Pursley 1983). NLP states that these accessing cues are the process where an individual modulates their neurology to access various representational that are necessary when trying to make sense out of their environment. During therapy, NLP is process orientated; it is directed at the production of therapeutic change by affecting formal strategies that a person constantly employs. Expanding and challenging theses strategies is performed with the use of anchors. An anchor is a specific word which represents behaviors classically conditioned to evoke a specific response. This response can be cognitive or behavioral. An anchor does not need to be to be reinforced with its response and it does not need to be conditioned over a period of time. Language is a common anchoring system. For example, the word dog will be an auditory anchor to an image of four legged animal that barks, an effective anchor with little cognitive effort. The smell of a hospital or a family member screaming in anger is examples of anchors that have been unintentionally installed and they operate out of an individual’s awareness and direct control. Neuro Linguistic Programming operates to install new anchors which work just as well as these unintentional anchors and work toward evoking a response that increases the behavioral flexibility of a person and it is through these anchors that changes can be made in the strategies of thought. Using NLP a therapist can establish a map of one’s cognitive representation of the world and place anchors that be established in a clients strategies that provoke responses that differ from those expected using their original strategy. It is now used internationally used by millions of people throughout the world in such diverse fields as management, sales, marketing, public relations, education, therapy, the military and police, sport, and personal development. (Schaefer, Beausay Pursley 1983). Grinder and Bandler proposed certain assumptions in their model of communications, NLP. They assumed that people, (a) organize experiences into representational systems reflecting one or more sensory modes, (visual, auditory and kinesthetic); (b) vary in tendencies to encode experiences primarily in one sensory mode or another; (c) express such individual differences through choice of verbal predicates and through eyes movements; (d) communicate best with others who use the same representational or predicate systems. (Fromme Daniell 1984) The sensory mode utilized and the sequences of modality utilizations are critical to the performance of any given task. A person who is skilled at a certain task will have a radically different processing sequence from someone who performs poorly at the same task. The systems are sensory specific, grounded in a definable sensory system that provides the material for the experience. A person who uses a visual preferred representational system (PRS) will primarily attend to images, facial expressions and colors. Similarly, an auditory PRS may focus on sounds, tones, and volume. The kinesthetic PRS will focus on bodily sensations such as proprioceptive information, tactile experience, and the experience of affect. Hossack,MClinPSycholStandidge1993) References Andreas, C, Andreas, S. (1982). Neuro-Linguistic Programming: A new technology for training. Performance Instruction, 21(5), 37-39. http://search. ebscohost. com, doi:10. 1002/pfi. 4170210519 Bandler, R Grinder, J (1975) Patterns of the Hypnotic techniques of Milton H Erickson MD, Vol 1 Cupertino, CA Meta Publications Dilts, R, Grinder, J, Bandle r, R, Cameron-Bandler, L DeLozier, J (1980) Neuro Linguistic Programming, Vol 1 Cupertino, CA: Meta Publications Einspruch, E. , Forman, B. (1988). Neuro-linguistic programming in the treatment of phobias. Psychotherapy in Private Practice, 6(1), 91-100. http://search. ebscohost. com Fromme, D. , Daniell, J. (1984). Neuro-linguistic programming examined: Imagery, sensory mode, and communication. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31(3), 387-390. http://search. ebscohost. com, doi:10. 1037/0022-0167. 31. 3. 387 Gumm, W. , Walker, M. , Day, H. (1982). Neuro-linguistics programming: Method or myth? Journal of Counseling Psychology, 29(3), 327-330. http://search. ebscohost. com, doi:10. 1037/0022-0167. 29. . 327 Hossack, Alex, MClinPsychol, Standidge, Karen. (1993). Using an imaginary scrapbook for neuro-linguistic programming in the aftermath of a clinical depression: A case history. The Gerontologist, 33(2), 265. Retrieved October 7, 2009, from ProQuest Psychology Journals. (Document ID: 1649306). Helm, D (2003). Neuro Linguistic Programming: Deciphering the truth in the criminal mind. Education, 124(2), 257-260. Retrieved Octob er 5, 2009, from Research Library. (Document ID: 532771451). Krugman, M. , Kirsch, I. , Wickless, C. , Milling, L. , Golicz, H. Toth, A. (1985). Neuro-linguistic programming treatment for anxiety: Magic or myth? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53(4), 526-530. http://search. ebscohost. com, doi:10. 1037/0022-006X. 53. 4. 526 Schaefer, D. , Beausay, W. , Pursley, C. (1983). Neuro-linguistic programming: Introduction, assessment, and critique. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 2(3), 2-13. Walter, J Bayat, A. (2003). Neuro-linguistic programming: The keys to success. Student MJ, 11, 252. Retrieved October 5, 2009, from Research Library. (Document ID: 373186041). Neuro Linguistic Programming Essay Example Neuro Linguistic Programming Essay History of Neuro Linguistic Programming Abstract This paper covers the history and development of Neuro Linguistic Programming in the field of psychology covering its techniques and its growth from behavioral modeling and the influences of Gestalt psychologists Fritz Perls; Virginia Satir, and Milton Erikson. Richard Bandler and John Grinder are considered the fathers of Neuro Linguistic Programming and this paper covers the skills they developed and their discovery of the ways to identify the representational systems someone uses even when that person is not talking, by recognizing eye movements that reveal that the person is making pictures, hearing sounds, or sensing feelings. NLP can be used in psychotherapy but also in many other fields such as management, sales, marketing, public relations, education, therapy, the military and police, sport, and personal development. History of Neuro Linguistic Programming Neuro-linguistic Programming (NLP) was first developed in the U. S. in the early 1970s from studying the thinking and behavioral skills used by particularly effective and successful people. It is the way of organizing and understanding the structure of subjective experience (Bandler ; Grinder 1975). Developed by a mathematician; Richard Bandler and a linguist John Grinder, NLP has been clinically demonstrated as a useful technology for generating change. We will write a custom essay sample on Neuro Linguistic Programming specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Neuro Linguistic Programming specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Neuro Linguistic Programming specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Together they studied the three most successful therapists at the time to uncover the structure behind their work. The three where the founder of Gestalt therapy, Fritz Perls; Virginia Satir, Mother of Family therapy and Milton Erikson, the pre-eminent hypnotherapist of the modern era (Tan REV) NLP grew out of the behavioural modelling activity of Grinder and Bandler in studying Virginia Satir, Fritz Perls, and Milton H Erickson. Richard Bandler (1949- ) enrolled as a psychology student in the University of California, Santa Cruz in 1970. John Grinder, (1940- ) was an associate rofessor of linguistics. Bandler joined the group of Grinder-followers and they became friends. Soon they were using Grinders linguistics to pursue Bandlers interest in the work and the success-rate of Virginia Satir (mother of Family Therapy) and Fritz Perls (founder of Gestalt Therapy). They analysed writings and tape-recordings to discover what accounted for the successful results achieved by Satir and Perl s. Later, through a friend of Bandlers, they got to know and became admirers of Gregory Bateson who, in turn, introduced them to the work of Milton Erickson. Using their studies Bandler and Grinder where able to develop skills to of modeling that allowed them to identify the structural elements of another individual’s behavior and teach that behavior to a third person (Dilts, Grinder, Bandler, Cameron Bandler Delozier 1980). Bandler and Grinder noticed that the words people use to express themselves are a literal description of their mental experiences and at the basic level of understanding, people input, process internally, and output information using one or more of the five sensory channels; visual, auditory, kinesthetic, smell and taste. The first three are the most important in day to day information processing (Andreas Andreas 1982). As they began to come up with ideas, insights, and techniques they tried them out on friends (including Robert Dilts, Judith DeLozier, Leslie Cameron Bandler, and David Gordon) who soon joined them in developing and extending the work. The enthusiastic and highly creative group grew and this was how Neuro Linguistic Programming was developed. NLP has acquired a reputation for enabling people to become mind readers; this is partly because of the work of Grinder and Bandler. They discovered that there are ways to identify the representational systems someone uses even when that person is not talking, by recognizing eye movements that reveal that the person is making pictures, hearing sounds, or sensing feelings. And out of this search came many of the methods that are still part of good Practitioner and Master Practitioner Trainings such as anchoring, sensory acuity and calibration, reframing, representational systems, and the two Language Models as well as many of the personal change techniques such as the New Behavioural Generator and Change Personal History. Using eye movements as a method of determining the preferred representational system Falzett (1981) found that a male and female interviewer where rated as more trustworthy by subjects when predicated systems where matched by the interviewer than when the interviewer used mismatching predicates in responding to a subjects verbalizations. The NLP model states that because of a specific neural wiring, humans move their eyes in predictable patterns when they are accessing representational strategies. Breathing rate can also be used, high in the chest with short choppy breaths is a visual access, low in the stomach with deep breaths in kinesthetic access and even breathing in the middle of the chest indicates auditory access. Other behavioral aspects are the positioning of the shoulders, posture shifts, skin color changes, heart rate and also body temperature changes. (Schaefer, Beausay Pursley 1983). NLP states that these accessing cues are the process where an individual modulates their neurology to access various representational that are necessary when trying to make sense out of their environment. During therapy, NLP is process orientated; it is directed at the production of therapeutic change by affecting formal strategies that a person constantly employs. Expanding and challenging theses strategies is performed with the use of anchors. An anchor is a specific word which represents behaviors classically conditioned to evoke a specific response. This response can be cognitive or behavioral. An anchor does not need to be to be reinforced with its response and it does not need to be conditioned over a period of time. Language is a common anchoring system. For example, the word dog will be an auditory anchor to an image of four legged animal that barks, an effective anchor with little cognitive effort. The smell of a hospital or a family member screaming in anger is examples of anchors that have been unintentionally installed and they operate out of an individual’s awareness and direct control. Neuro Linguistic Programming operates to install new anchors which work just as well as these unintentional anchors and work toward evoking a response that increases the behavioral flexibility of a person and it is through these anchors that changes can be made in the strategies of thought. Using NLP a therapist can establish a map of one’s cognitive representation of the world and place anchors that be established in a clients strategies that provoke responses that differ from those expected using their original strategy. It is now used internationally used by millions of people throughout the world in such diverse fields as management, sales, marketing, public relations, education, therapy, the military and police, sport, and personal development. (Schaefer, Beausay Pursley 1983). Grinder and Bandler proposed certain assumptions in their model of communications, NLP. They assumed that people, (a) organize experiences into representational systems reflecting one or more sensory modes, (visual, auditory and kinesthetic); (b) vary in tendencies to encode experiences primarily in one sensory mode or another; (c) express such individual differences through choice of verbal predicates and through eyes movements; (d) communicate best with others who use the same representational or predicate systems. (Fromme Daniell 1984) The sensory mode utilized and the sequences of modality utilizations are critical to the performance of any given task. A person who is skilled at a certain task will have a radically different processing sequence from someone who performs poorly at the same task. The systems are sensory specific, grounded in a definable sensory system that provides the material for the experience. A person who uses a visual preferred representational system (PRS) will primarily attend to images, facial expressions and colors. Similarly, an auditory PRS may focus on sounds, tones, and volume. The kinesthetic PRS will focus on bodily sensations such as proprioceptive information, tactile experience, and the experience of affect. Hossack,MClinPSycholStandidge1993) References Andreas, C, Andreas, S. (1982). Neuro-Linguistic Programming: A new technology for training. Performance Instruction, 21(5), 37-39. http://search. ebscohost. com, doi:10. 1002/pfi. 4170210519 Bandler, R Grinder, J (1975) Patterns of the Hypnotic techniques of Milton H Erickson MD, Vol 1 Cupertino, CA Meta Publications Dilts, R, Grinder, J, Bandle r, R, Cameron-Bandler, L DeLozier, J (1980) Neuro Linguistic Programming, Vol 1 Cupertino, CA: Meta Publications Einspruch, E. , Forman, B. (1988). Neuro-linguistic programming in the treatment of phobias. Psychotherapy in Private Practice, 6(1), 91-100. http://search. ebscohost. com Fromme, D. , Daniell, J. (1984). Neuro-linguistic programming examined: Imagery, sensory mode, and communication. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31(3), 387-390. http://search. ebscohost. com, doi:10. 1037/0022-0167. 31. 3. 387 Gumm, W. , Walker, M. , Day, H. (1982). Neuro-linguistics programming: Method or myth? Journal of Counseling Psychology, 29(3), 327-330. http://search. ebscohost. com, doi:10. 1037/0022-0167. 29. . 327 Hossack, Alex, MClinPsychol, Standidge, Karen. (1993). Using an imaginary scrapbook for neuro-linguistic programming in the aftermath of a clinical depression: A case history. The Gerontologist, 33(2), 265. Retrieved October 7, 2009, from ProQuest Psychology Journals. (Document ID: 1649306). Helm, D (2003). Neuro Linguistic Programming: Deciphering the truth in the criminal mind. Education, 124(2), 257-260. Retrieved Octob er 5, 2009, from Research Library. (Document ID: 532771451). Krugman, M. , Kirsch, I. , Wickless, C. , Milling, L. , Golicz, H. Toth, A. (1985). Neuro-linguistic programming treatment for anxiety: Magic or myth? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53(4), 526-530. http://search. ebscohost. com, doi:10. 1037/0022-006X. 53. 4. 526 Schaefer, D. , Beausay, W. , Pursley, C. (1983). Neuro-linguistic programming: Introduction, assessment, and critique. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 2(3), 2-13. Walter, J Bayat, A. (2003). Neuro-linguistic programming: The keys to success. Student MJ, 11, 252. Retrieved October 5, 2009, from Research Library. (Document ID: 373186041).

Country factor analysis-Argentina

Country factor analysis-Argentina Executive SummaryInternational business is of vital part for pharmaceutical company to expand business to catch more market of the world. Report reflects country's different factors related to business for pharmaceutical industry. Argentina was one of the wealthiest countries during 18th and 19th century, but due to political instability leads it to financial crisis. Legal system was not transperant.Economic developments were ceased. But after economic reforms and new constitution came in exist, again it shows the positive sign. Since last few years it is struggling for improvements in all sectors.GDP is improving slowly and steadily. Inflation is now comparatively under control. New constitution made legal system more transparent and laws regarding international investments are changing. Educated society and above average income of the people, encourages them to spend money on their health requirements. Overall climate is now showing positive sign for foreign investor.IntroductionIn ternational business is more related with the host country's economical factors, political situation, legal system, social and cultural system, religious environment and education factor.Countries in Latin America by date of independenceMaking profit is the main aim for the business firm. To make profit, Company has to first research costs and risk and benefit related to these factors .These factors must have to be carefully studied and understood. PRATEETI Pharmaceuticals pty. ltd looking for new market in Argentina for antibacterial medicines. Pharmaceutical industry is highly profit making industry among all. But without carefully understanding and studying different factors affecting international business it is not possible to success and survives. After care full study of the economical, political, cultural, religious, educational, legal factors with costs, risks and benefits of Argentina I have made a report for company for its future strategy and planning.Company ProfileName : PRATEETI Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd.Firm Type: Private CompanyProduct: Drugs and medicinesProduct type: Antibiotic Medicines...

Basic French Politeness Vocabulary and Expressions

Basic French Politeness Vocabulary and Expressions After you master your French survival phrases, the very next thing you need to conquer in French is politeness. Do Smile in France You may have heard that it was not OK to smile in France. I dont agree. I am Parisian born and raised, then lived 18 years in the US, then came back to France to raise my daughter among my (also French) husband family. People smile in France. Especially when they interact, ask for something, are trying to make a good impression. In a large city like Paris, smiling to everybody may make you look out of place. Especially if you are a woman and are smiling to each guy that looks at you: they may think you are flirting.   However, that doesnt mean you shouldnt smile, especially when you are talking to someone.   Lots of French students are afraid to speak French, and therefore have a very intense facial expression: its not nice. So try to relax, breathe in, and smile! Tu Versus Vous - The French You There is MUCH to say on this subject which is deeply rooted in French history. But to sum it up. Use tu with one person you are talking to: a child, a close friend, an adult in a very relaxed setting, a family member, anyone who uses tu with you (unless they are much older than you).Use vous with everybody else you are talking to. An adult you are not close to, a colleague, a person much older than you... and with a group of several people (whether you say tu or vous to them individually. The choice between tu and vous also depends on social class (this is very important and the main reason why French people use tu or vous to talk to one person), geographic region, age, and... personal preference!   Now, each time you learn a French expression using you - youll have to learn two forms. The tu one and the vous one. French Politeness Essentials Monsieur - SirMadame - Lady, MadamMademoiselle - Miss, to be used with younger (too young to be married) women When addressing someone, it is much more polite in French to follow with Monsieur, Madame or Mademoiselle. In English, it may be a bit over the top, depending where you come from. Not in France. Oui - Yes.Non - No.Merci - Thank you.Bonjour - hi, hello.Au revoir - Bye.Sil vous plaà ®t - please (using vous)/  Sil te plaà ®t - please (saying tu)Je vous en prie - youre welcome (using vous) / Je ten prie (saying tu)Dà ©solà ©(e) - sorryPardon - sorryComment ? - Excuse me - when you couldnt hear someone.Excusez-moi (for vous) / excuse-moi (for tu) - excuse-me vos souhaits (for vous) / tes souhaits (for tu) - bless you (after someone sneezes) Of course, there is much more to say about French politeness. We  suggest you check out look at the  downloadable audio lesson on French Politeness to master the modern French pronunciation and all the cultural nuances linked to French politeness and greetings.

Lord Binghams Dicta on the Principle of Legality Case Study

Lord Binghams Dicta on the Principle of Legality - Case Study Example It applied to persons who ‘cannot be deported because there is no ‘safe’ country to which they can be sent’. The detainees were able to challenge their detention under s25 and s30 ATCSA. S25 allowed an appeal to the Special Immigration Appeals Commission (SIAC) against the Home Secretary’s decision and Section 30 ATCSA allowed the SIAC to hear appeals against the validity of the UK’s derogation from Article 5 ECHR .Lord Bingham’s Dicta on the Principle of Legality.The House of Lords had to decide whether the Special Immigration Appeals Commission (SIAC) could rely on evidence obtained under torture by a foreign power - without UK complicity - during an appeal hearing. Evidence had been obtained from third parties by agents of the United States using methods known as ‘interrogation by extraordinary rendition’ . The SIAC and the Court of Appeal (CA) held that the evidence was admissible . The CA majority decision was based on Rule 44(3) of the SIAC procedural code which allows the SIAC to review evidence which would not be admissible in a court of law . Laws LJ expressly excluded evidence obtained with the complicity of the Home Secretary or any English authority regardless of the contingency The appellants argued that:ï‚ ¾ The common law position is firmly against torture which is enshrined in s76 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984

Civil society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Civil society - Essay Example Locke however, believes that rights and obligations are the main propellant of problems that civil society faces while working under a given government. Moreover, Locke provided wide analysis on the state of nature in his second treatise which had an impact on the civil government. His work was written in the year 1680, the time of exclusion crisis in England. He believed that the existing men are free to order the prevailing actions as well as disposing persons and their possessions (Edwards, 12-18). This argument was due to the bounds law of nature availed in England and he suggested that the possessions and actions taken could fit well in line with the law. Locke analyses the state of law in a very well understandable way. He maintained that the state of nature has a specific law of nature that governs it and the prevailing law leads to a specific reason. Moreover, his views on the state of nature went against the norms of Christian believes entitling unlike hobbies and dependent philosophy that was not underscoring prior to the theology norms. The first treatise of Locke tried to adventure the norm Anglicans and Protestants and he had a mind to establish and make people understand as to why two treatise governments should be allowed to overthrow monarchy personnel who were there to abuse the trust that had been set to the people believe. Good governance is what people needs. This is only through the provision civil rights based on the nature and labor at large. The problems and challenges that civil society faces as per Locke desire is the dissolution of government which makes governance hard to deliver its manifesto well. The rights and obligations are the main propellant of problems that civil society faces while working under a given government. Locke provided wide analysis on the state of nature in his second treatise which had an impact on the civil government. Other problems are the political society which nurtures inequality due to tribalism and nepo tism among the society groups. Poor governance, lack of democratization process that provides a link between citizens and the state are other problems faced by civil society. However, when a given state provide well established governance, employ democratization process and enhance preservation of the society’s records, then this will help to solve this civil society problems availing as per Locke observation. Drawing primarily on Rousseau and Madison on how existence of political factions threaten and undermine civil society we find that, a lot has to be done to eliminate this aspect. Rousseau proposed a specific subject of argument in his scholarly works suggesting that, man is born free and an aspect of slavery should not be a threatening statue that civil society has to be accounted to. Rousseau challenged the work analyzed by Locke basing his argument on the origin of hobbies. He claimed that taking people away from socialization and forcing them away from their society undermines the rights of civil society. In his writings he suggested that according to the nature people are neither good or bad and therefore modern society should be blamed on blemishing the pure people through threatening their lives. In addition, Rousseau suggested that the level of sovereignty is indivisible and this is a

Influence of Celebrity Advertisements

Influence of Celebrity Advertisements India is one of the youngest countries in the world with 60% of its population less than 24 years of age. Maximum youngsters are using TV as a source of information. The study reflects that Young generation is highly influenced and convinced by celebrity advertisements. They feel celebrity advertisements increase credibility of TV advertisements. Physical appearance and personality of celebrity are also important factors to make TV advertisements more effective and convincing. The buying behavior of young generation is influenced by celebrities knowledge and experience. They prefer female celebrities for TV advertisements. According to them celebrity should be young/adult with appealing figure and celebritys Status, class, and lifestyle should match with the product which they are going to endorse. This study reflects few interesting result that Indian youth and adult majority do not give any importance to the caste, regional and religious background of celebrity for TV advertisement s. * Professor and Head, Accurate Institute of Management and Technology,Greater Noida, Gautam Buddha Nagar, (Uttar Pradesh India) ** Scientist, Center for Science Communication, Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore (Madhya Pradesh, India) *** Professor and Head, School of Social Science, Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya,, Indore (Madhya Pradesh, India) Introduction In Indian family life cycle, young members of family play a vital role in buying behavior. The term young refers to persons who are no longer children and not yet adults. India is one of the youngest countries in the world with 60% of its population less then 24 years of age and is charted as the most prospective destination for retail investment in the A. T. Kearneys Global Retail Opportunity Report, 2007. The Indian young segment roughly estimates close to 250million (between the ages of fifteen and twenty-five) and can be broadly divided (socio-psychologically) into three categories: the Bharatiyas, the Indians the Inglodians (copyright Kaustav SG 2008). The Bharatiyas estimating 67% of the young population live in the rural areas with least influence of globalization and have high traditional values. They are least economically privileged, most family oriented Bollywood influenced generation. The Indians constitute 31.5% and have moderate global influence. They are well aware of the global trends but rooted to Indian family values, customs and ethos. The Inglodians are basically the creamy layers and marginal (1.5% or roughly three million) in number though they are strongly growing (70% growth rate). Inglodians are affluent and consume most of the trendy luxury items. They are internet savvy the believers of global-village (a place where there is no difference between east west, developing developed countries etc.), highly influenced by western music, food, fashion culture yet Indian at heart. According to The Financial Express Special, Tuesday, February 9, 2010 New Delhi young (age 13 to 35 years) population in India is 459 million in which literate young population is 333 million. More specifically age group (13 to 19) population is 36.7 million, age group (20 to 24) population is 22.1 million and age group (25 to 35) population is 44.3 million. Out of 333 million young populations, male young population is 186.5 and female young population is 146.2 million. However Television is most popular source of information with 78 % (91% urban, 70% rural) young viewer-ship. Newspaper comes second with 53 % (65.3 % urban, 45.9 % rural) readership, though it scores over television when it comes to being the primary source for news current affairs. Data also shows that maximum youngsers are using TV as a source of information. The importance of advertising has been widely accepted all over the world and has profound recognition in the global market. In India the role of advertising is getting more stress day by day and every businessman wants to invest willingly in advertising. The advertising business in India grew from Rs10 crores in 1955 to Rs 8000 crores in 2000* and in Nov 2005 it is estimated Rs.19900 crores and it is expected that it will reach Rs 55,800 crores by 2010 as estimated by Dainik Bhaskara. The fast growth of advertising industry in India is because of the phenomenonal development of such media as television, radio, and computer and in addition to the large number of new products introduced due to rapid industrialization new economic policy and economic development of the country. Billions of dollars are spent on celebrity endorsements, which show its importance for the advertising industry. A recent estimate notes that one quarter of all commercials screened in the USA include celebrities. In UK one in five (20%) marketing communication campaign features celebrities. (Journal of Advertising Research) In India, 20% of advertisements is endorsement by celebrities. Dainik Bhaskar estimates the total expenditure on advertising as Rs 19900 crores (Nov 2005) while on celebrity endorsement Rs 950 crores. Theory and practice prove that use of super star in advertising generates a lot of publicity and attention for public.( Ohanion 1991 ) At present the business companies prefer the use of celebrities as spokespersons in order to position and promote the sale and popularization of products or brands. The use of celebrities has become a favorable marketing strategy. Celebrities are people who enjoy public recognition by a large share of certain group of people, whereas attributes like attractiveness, extraordinary lifestyle or special status are just examples and specific common characteristics can not be observed. It can be said that within a corresponding special group, celebrities generally differ from their source name, and enjoy a high degree of public awareness. The main reason for using celebrities, as spokespersons is their high potential influence. The celebrities get higher degree of attention recall. They increase awareness of a company advertising, create positive feeling towards brands and areperceived by consumers as more entertaining (Soleman 2002). Using a celebrity in advertising is therefore likely to positively affect consumers brand attitude and purchase intention. It is estimated that approximately 20 percent of all advertisements use celebrity spokespersons payment to celebrities account for around 10 percent of all advertising dollars spent. Literature Review Researchers in the fields of marketing, communications and social psychology have tried to identify factors related to the endorser that are central to understanding and improving their effectiveness. The theoretical basis for assuming that an advertisements effectiveness increases relative to the trustworthiness, expertise, and attractiveness of the communicator stems from two research streams: source credibility (comprising of source trustworthiness and source expertise) and source attractiveness (also referred to collectively as the source models). From their study in 1953 Hovland et al. established the source credibility model and defined expertise as the extent to which a communicator is perceived to be a source of valid assertions and trustworthiness as the degree of confidence in the communicators intent to communicate the assertions he considers most valid. Source Attractiveness does not refer to physical attractiveness per se it is related to three more general concepts: similarity, familiarity, and liking. The model holds that the effectiveness of a message depends on the sources familiarity, likeability, similarity, and attractiveness to the respondent. Familiarity is considered knowledge of the source through exposure, whereas likeability is affection for the source as a result of the sources physical appearance and behavior; and similarity is the supposed resemblance between the source and the receiver of the message (McGuire, 1985). According to the source models, endorsers are effective when they are seen by consumers as trustworthy (Friedman Friedman, 1976; G. Miller Basehart, 1969), experts (Crano, 1970; Crisi Kassinove, 1973; Woodside Davenport, 1974), and attractive (Joseph, 1982; McGuire, 1985). Although there are a number of moderating influences (e.g. fit with product and audience; low vs. high purchase decision; prio r attitudes), in general, the more trustworthiness, expertise, and attractiveness the endorser has, the more effective they are at changing consumer attitude and opinion. (Brinol, Petty, Tormala, 2004; Gotlieb Sarel, 1991; Grewal, Gotlieb, Marmorstein, 1994; Harmon Coney, 1982; Hovland, Irving, Kelly, 1953; Hovland Weiss, 1951; Sternthal, Dholakia, Leavitt, 1978) Empirical evidence in support of source credibility is abundant. Source credibility is credited with improved consumer confidence (Brinol et al., 2004), reversing negative predispositions (Sternthal et al., 1978), increasing product purchase intentions (Harmon Coney, 1982), and altering consumers reactions to advertisements and brands (Goldsmith, Lafferty, Newell, 2000). Additionally, research has shown that highly credible sources induce more behavioral compliance than do less credible sources (Ohanian, 1990, p. 42); OBJECTIVES OF STUDY To analyze the influence of celebrity TV advertisements on young generation. To find out impact of buying behavior factors on young population HYPOTHESIS 1. H01: Young generation is not influenced by celebrity TV advertisements 2. H02: There is no impact of buying behavior factors on young generation 5. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Survey was conducted in district Gautam Budh Nagar. The 300 sample size was selected in such a way that both the young and adult were represented proportionately. In most of the situations many respondents had refused and some respondents had not cooperated to fill the questionnaires. Hence 450 respondents were selected by non-probability convenience sampling method to fill thequestionnaire. Only 300 respondents have given appropriate and complete information on sent questionnaire. Rests of the questionnaires were dropped because of incomplete information. A five-point interval Likert scale from strongly agree (5) to strongly not agree (1) was used to measure the response to each statement (items). Z Test used to test mean difference between two samples Z Test: SE= Standard Error = Standard Deviation (Adult) Standard Deviation (YOUNG) = Mean of Adult = Mean of YOUNG = Number of Observations (Adult) = Number of Observations (YOUNG) Z= Z Test DATA ANALYSIS Data analysis shows that out of 300 respondents, there were 166 (55.33 %) young respondents and 134 (44.67 %) were adult respondents in this study age group of 12 year to 21 years considered as Young respondents and Age group of 22 year to 45 years considered as Adult respondents. (Table-1) More specifically data analysis shows that in male respondents, young were118 (39.33%) and adult were 80 (26.67%). Similarly in female respondents, young were 48 (16 %) and adult 54 (18 %) (Table-1.1) INFLUENCE OF CELEBRITIES ON RESPONDENTS (CONSUMERS) THROUGH T.V. ADVERTISEMENTS 6.1. INFLUENCE To measure the influence of celebrity through T.V. advertisements on respondents, eight questions were asked from respondents. (Figure-1) According to Table No.2 results shows that both young and adult respondents have similar opinion. They were in favor of the fact that Celebrity advertisements are more effective; create more attention and trust than non celebrity advertisements. However young generation feels that celebrities have more expertise than non-celebrities for T.V. advertising. They feel more convinced by celebrity advertisements. According to them, use of celebrities increases advertisements credibility. Physical appearance and personality of celebrity are also important factors to makes T.V. advertising more effective and convincing. 6.2. ANALYSIS OF FACTORS, WHICH INFLUENCE THE BUYING BEHAVIOUR OF YOUNG GENERATION Twenty-four specific attributes of celebrities (factors) have been analyzed under the major four factors expertise, trustworthiness, physical appearance and personality (Figure-2) 6.2.1. EXPERTISE Seven statements were asked to respondents to analyze specific expertise attributes of celebrities, which may influence the buying behavior of respondents Table No. 3 shows that buying behavior of young generation influenced, if celebrities are experienced and users of product. However, adult respondents feel that celebrities should have knowledge of the products which they are going to endorse by TV advertisements. According to both type of respondents (adult and young) celebrities should be educated and skilled, qualified and Justified for that product which they are going to promote. Result also reflects that technical knowledge about product/brand to celebrity is not required to convince purchase. 6.2.2. TRUSTWORTHINESS Specific attributes of trustworthiness of celebrities have been analyzed on the basis of five statements According to table no.3.1 Young and adult both respondents purchase their products on the trust, honesty, truthfulness and dependability of celebrities. However adult respondents feel celebrities should be sincere and Reliable also to influence their buying behavior. 6.2.3. PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS To analyze specific attributes of physical attractiveness of celebrites five questions were asked from respondents to measure the infuluence on buying behaviour of respondents Table 3.2 results shows that young generation feels that celebrities should be young/adult and they should have appealing figure (sexy and beautiful) they prefer female celebrities for TV advertisement. However, both (young and adult) respondents feel that celebrities should be smart (body constitution) to convince to purchaser. They also believe that Voice and gesture of celebrity is also important factors that affect on their purchase decisions. 6.2.4. PERSONALITY To measure the impact of specific personality attributes of celebrities, seven questions were asked from respondents that may influence their buying behavior. According to findings of Table 3.3 young generation feels that Status, class, and lifestyle of celebrity should match with product/brand and advertisement for effective and convincing advertisement. However adults believe that social cultural background of celebrities influences their buying behavior. Both young and adult respondents have similar thinking towards Image, Reputation and popularity (public figure) of celebrity which plays important role to influence buying behavior of respondents. Analysis also reflects few interesting results that Indian young and adult respondents do not believe in the caste, regional and religious background of celebrity CONCLUSION Young generation is highly influenced and convinced by celebrity advertisements According to them, celebrity advertisements increase credibility of TV advertisements. Physical appearance and personality of celebrity are also important factors to make TV advertisements more effective and convincing. The buying behavior of young generation is influenced by celebrities knowledge and experience about such products which they are going to promote by TV advertisements. They prefer female celebrities for TV advertisements, according to them celebrity should be young/adult with appealing figure (sexy and beautiful) and celebritys Status, class, and lifestyle should match the product which they are going to endorse. Young and adult population commonly feels that celebrity advertisement is more effective; creates more attention and trust than non celebrity advertisements. According to them celebrities must be educated, qualified justified with that product to which they are endorsing through TV advertisements. They dont feel that technical knowledge is required to celebrities to endorse the products. They feel motivated to purchase their products by the trust, honesty, truthfulness and dependability of celebrity. They believe that celebrities should be smart (body constitution) to convince purchaser, they also feel that Voice and gesture of celebrity are also important factors to have effect on their purchase decisions. They have similar thinking that Image, Reputation and popularity (public figure) of celebrity plays important role in influencing the buying behavior. However adult generation believes that social and cultural background of celebrity should match product and TV advertisement. They also feel that celebrities should be sincere and Reliable to influence their buying behavior. This study reflects few interesting results that Indian young and adult majority do not give any importance to the caste, regional and religious background of celebrity for TV advertisements.

Value Chain of Tesco

â€Å"To further the analysis of competitive advantage, Michael Porter introduced the value chain as a tool to examine the activities of a business. † As seen in figure 2, â€Å"Porter distinguished a firm’s support activities from its operational or primary activities. †(Book) [pic][pic] Support Activities Firm Infrastructure Human Resource Management Peta Hay, Director of the Tesco Academy, commented: â€Å"We believe it is more important than ever to invest in our people as Tesco continues to expand both geographically and into new business sectors.Tesco has a proven track record of both nurturing internal talent and successfully attracting external senior executives†. (7) Technology Development Procurement Primary Activities Inbound Logistics The overall cost leadership strategic management of Tesco is exhibited in its lean and agile inbound logistics function. Drawing upon Abeysinghe (2010), the company uses its leading market position and economies o f scope as key bargaining powers to achieve low costs from its suppliers.The analysts have also highlighted the constant upgrading of their ordering system, approved vendor lists, and in-store processes to induce effectiveness and efficiency into the company’s inbound logistics operations. Operations Management Tesco has been praised by a number of supply chain management critics for its effective use of IT systems that facilitate the company’s low cost leadership strategy. According to Tesco (2010), the company has invested over ? 76 million in streamlining its operations through their Tesco Digital program, which is a third generation ERP solution for the company. The company has achieved ? 50 million in increased profitability during 2009 alone due to the introduction of this system. This company -wide ERP system has also facilitated the minimisation of stock holdings within the company. Outbound Logistics Tesco holds leadership position in online and offline food r etail segments, which is due to its efficient and effective outbound logistics. Drawing upon Mintel (2010), the company has developed a range of store formats and types, which are strategically placed to achieve maximum customer exposure. These formats include Express, Metro, Superstores, Extra and Homeplus, which are segmented according to the target population.Marketing and Sales Loyalty programs like Tesco Clubcard are being introduced through information technology advances which dissuade the customers from switching over to their competitors. Tesco has introduced its Greener Living Scheme to give consumers advice on environmental issues, including how to reduce food waste and their carbon footprint when preparing meals . Services Tesco has been pursuing a dual strategy of cost leadership and differentiation, which has led to an increased importance placed on customer service.Drawing upon Keynote (2010), this dual strategy is exhibited through the development of self-service kio sks, financial services, focused direct marketing and promotions. In order to put Tesco’s value chain analysis into perspective, it should be noted that despite cost leadership strategy the company has been able to create a high degree of value in comparison with its key competitors. The relative analysis of the value created by the big four supermarket chains, i. e. , Tesco, Asda, Sainsbury’s and Morrisons has been provided as follows:

Comparing Cherokee And Lakota Creation Stories - 1721 Words

A Comparison of the Cherokee and Lakota Creation Stories Joshua J. Vanderstigchel HIST223 History of the American Indian Tamrala Swafford American Military University 08 July 2017 A Comparison of the Cherokee and Sioux Creation Stories There are many cultures throughout the world, and each has its’ own creation story, and many of them are very similar; however the creation stories of the First Nations’ People are some of the most magical. These stories not only tell how the world was created, but give a glimpse into who the Cherokee and Lakota were, and their views of the relationship between human beings and creation, and human beings and animals. The Cherokee and Lakota creation stories are similar in many ways, but each has†¦show more content†¦The Lakota being the biggest of the three, are from the Great Plains, and are what most people imagine when they hear the term â€Å"Indian†, with feathers in their hair, riding on horseback chasing buffalo, and living in tepees. However, they didn’t always live on the plains, the Ojibwa had pushed them out of Minnesota and Wisconsin, and onto the plains area. Their society was patriarchal with each tiyospaye, their family unit, having a man as the head. The Lakota were also polygamists, taking several wives. Duties and responsibilities of each family member were generally based on sex and age. The men were the hunters, the women were responsible for camp duties, and the children were helpers, doing small tasks like gathering fuel for fire. The Lakota were very prosperous until the near annihilation of the buffalo by the Americans. This and land encroachment by pioneers due to U.S. government policies started the â€Å"Indian Wars†. A famous Lakota during these wars was the Chief Sitting Bull who defeated General Custer at The Battle of Little Bighorn. Eventually, the Lakota had all their land, including their sacred Black Hills, was taken from them and were placed on reservations. On the reservations they had to deal with ever changing federal policies that forbid sacred practices